SACRED SCRIPTURE

The Course is planned as a first step to equip the student to read and understand the New Testament in its original language. The course begins with the alphabet and proceeds through the different parts of speech, article, tense, moods, voice etc. Exercise in translation from and into Greek will help the student to master the language.

Basic Bibliography

Jay, E.G. New Testament Greek: An Introductory Grammar, London: SPCK, 1953. Martin, R.A. An Introduction to New Testament Greek, Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1984. Metzger, B.M. Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980. Watts, J.D.W. Lists of Words Occurring Frequently in the Hebrew Bible, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1967. Wenham, J.W. The Elements of New Testament Greek, Cambridge University Press, 1965.

Lecturer: Fr. Sagayanathan OFM Cap.

Hebrew is the language of the OT/Hebrew Bible and of Judaism since antiquity. It is language of a vast literature, religious and secular, spanning three millennia. This course is an introduction to this language, its history, characteristics, morphology, and grammatical features.

Basic Bibliography

Lambdin, T. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. London, 1978. Schoekel, L.A. A Manual of Hebrew Poetics, Subsidia Biblica 11; Rome, 1988. eingreen, J. A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew, Oxford, 1959.Wuerthwein, E. The Text of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids, 1979.

Lecturer: Fr. Raja OFM Cap.

This course is intended to be a general introduction to the Bible, both the Old and the New Testaments. Bible is the inspired written document of God's revelation in and through history, especially the history of the chosen people. A brief survey of the history of salvation will try to situate the various stages of God's revelation reaching its culmination in the person of Jesus Christ and to point out the origin of the books of the Bible in their historical context. Some basic questions concerning inspiration, canonicity and interpretation will be briefly dealt with. Special attention will be given to the context of Palestine of Jesus' time, the formation of the written gospels and the synoptic problem. Attention will be paid also to the relation between the OT and the NT as promise and fulfilment.

Basic Bibliography

Bergant, Dianne. Introduction to the Bible, Mumbai: St. Pauls, 2001. Brown, R.E. et al., Jerome Biblical Commentary, Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1992, 1023-1252. Grannan, Chas P. General Introduction to the Bible, London: B. Herder Book Co, 1921. Luke, K., Companion to the Bible, 2 vols. Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1987. New Interpreter's Bible, vol.1: General Articles, Gen, Exod. And Lev. Nashville: Abingdon, 1994.

Lecturer: Fr. Arockiaraj OFM Cap.

In the beginning (Gen 1-11) – The Patriarchs and their wandering (Gen 12 Exodus 1, 2000-1500 B.C.) - Moses and the Exodus from Egypt (Exodus 1-40, 1300-1200 B.C.) – Joshua and the conquest of Canaan (Joshua 1-24 Judges 1-2, 1200 B.C.) – The days of the Judges (Judges 1-21 1 Samuel 1- 8, 1200 -1025 B.C.) – The Kingdom of Saul (1 Samuel 8-31 1025-1010 B.C.) – The Kingdom of David (2 Samuel 1-24, 1 Kings 1-2, 1010 – 970 B.C.) – The reign of Solomon (1 Kings 2-11, 970-930 B.C.) – The Division of the kingdom (1 Kings 2- 11, 970-930 B.C.) – The division of the Kingdom ( 1 Kings 12- 16, 2 Chronicles 10-16, 930-880 B.C.) – The rise of Assyria and fall of Israel (1 Kings 17-22 2 Kings 1-17, 880-721 B.C.) – The fall of Judah (2 Kings 22-25, 721-587 B.C.) – Exile and Return (Ezra 1-10, Nehemiah 1-13, Daniel, Esther, 587-332 B.C.) – The rule of Greece (Daniel 11/3-30, 1 Maccabees 1, 332-167 B.C.) – The Maccabees and the Hasmonean dynasty (1 Maccabees 2-16 Josephus Antiquities 12-13, 67-63 B.C.) – The rule of Rome Josephus, Antiquities 14-17. Jewish war 1-2 63 B.C. – 6 A.D)

Basic Bibliography

Davis, John J. History of Israel - From Conquest to Exile, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1970. De Vaux, Roland, Early History of Israel, London: Longman & Todd, 1978. Hinson, David. History of Israel, London: Holy Trinity Church, 1976. Jagersma, H. History of Israel from Alexander the Great to Bar, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1985. Jagersma, H. History of Israel in the Old Testament Period, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1979. Soggin, Alberto J. History of Israel: From the Beginnings to the Bar, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1985 .

Lecturer: Fr. Raja OFM Cap.

Introduction to the Pentateuch; Authorship of the Pentateuch; Origin of the Pentateuch; source criticism and form criticism approach. The Characteristics of the Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly and Deuteronomic traditions. Creation stories in other religions; Science and the Evolution theory. Genesis I-XI and its importance. The important themes of the Pentateuch.

Basic Bibliography

Childs, B.S. Exodus. (London 1974), 2. Glanzman, G.S., The Book of Deuteronomy, (New York 1963), 3. Hayes, C.K. Introduction to the Bible, (London 1965), 4. Luke, K. Genesis 1-3 (Kottayam 1980), 5. Rowley, H. The Faith of Israel (London 1974), 6. Snaith, N.H. Leviticus and Numbers, (Trinidad 1967), 7. Soggin, J.A. Introduction to the Old Testament, (London 1980)

Lecturer: Fr. Benjamin

The course on Historical Books deals with the history of Israel from the point of view of the Deuteronomic History (Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel, and 1-2 Kings) and Chronicles (1-2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah). The continuation of the same religious history is seen in the Deutero-canonical books of 1 & 2 Maccabees. The post- exilic period in Judaism saw a special and more popular form of Biblical interpretation called Midrash, attested both in the Old and New Testament. As samples from the Old Testaments, the books of Ruth, Tobit, Esther and Judith are studies briefly.

Basic Bibliography

Albertz, Rainer. A History of Israelite Religion in the Old Testament Period I & II, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1994. Bright, John. A History of Israel, London: SCM Press, 1972. Hermann, Seigfried. The History of Israel in Old Testament Time. London: SCM Press, 1975. Noth, Martin. The Deuteronomistic History, Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1981. Doorly, W.J. Obsession with Justice, the Story of the Deuteronomists, New York: Paulist Press, 1994. Mayes, A.D.H. Israel in the Period of the Judges, SBT Second Series 29, London: SCM Press, 1974. Soggin, J.A. An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1993.

Lecturer: Fr. Benjamin

The course on Historical Books deals with the history of Israel from the point of view of the Deuteronomic History (Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel, and 1-2 Kings) and Chronicles (1-2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah). The continuation of the same religious history is seen in the Deutero-canonical books of 1 & 2 Maccabees. The post- exilic period in Judaism saw a special and more popular form of Biblical interpretation called Midrash, attested both in the Old and New Testament. As samples from the Old Testaments, the books of Ruth, Tobit, Esther and Judith are studies briefly.

Basic Bibliography

Albertz, Rainer. A History of Israelite Religion in the Old Testament Period I & II, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1994. Bright, John. A History of Israel, London: SCM Press, 1972. Hermann, Seigfried. The History of Israel in Old Testament Time. London: SCM Press, 1975. Noth, Martin. The Deuteronomistic History, Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1981. Doorly, W.J. Obsession with Justice, the Story of the Deuteronomists, New York: Paulist Press, 1994. Mayes, A.D.H. Israel in the Period of the Judges, SBT Second Series 29, London: SCM Press, 1974. Soggin, J.A. An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah, London: SCM Press Ltd., 1993.

Lecturer: Fr. Christopher OFM Cap

A) Introduction to the Wisdom literature: Wisdom in the Old Testament as a Tradition, a way of thinking and a body of Literature. (B) An Introduction to each of the books: Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, Wisdom and Song of Songs. (C) An Analysis of selected themes from these books: Fear of God; Fool; personification of wisdom; Retribution; Hope of a redeemer; vanity of vanities; the Eternal Gospels; Youth and Old age; Humility; Friendship’ Prayer models; Immortality and idolatry.

Basic Bibliography

Bergant, D. What are they Saying about Wisdom Literature, New York, 1984. Brown, W.P. Character in Crisis. A Fresh Approach to Wisdom Literature of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996. Ceresko, A.R. Introduction to Old Testament Wisdom, A Spirituality for Liberation, Mumbai: St. Paul’s 2000. Crenshaw, J.L. Old Testament Wisdom an Introduction, Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1981. Murphy, R.E. “Introduction to Wisdom Literature”, in NJBC, 447-452.

Lecturer: Fr. Benjamin

Protest movements have now and then emerged in every society. Though called to establish a counter society, Israel become an unjust society during the monarchical period. Therefore prophets appeared on the scene, raised their voice of protest and tried to reform it. We can see this feature in the lives, and works of Classical Tamil poets, especially of the Siddhars. Following a chronological survey of the pre-classical prophets, especially Elijah and Elisha and their functions, the term prophet and it's synonyms will be studied. Then the prophet's call, qualities, life, ministry, message, literary forms and symbolic actions will be explained.

The second part deals with a comprehensive study of the lives and teachings of the Classical Prophets and exegesis of some important texts: Amos as the prophet of social justice, Hosea as a symbol of God's love, Proto-Isaiah as the herald of the Emmanuel, Jeremiah as the exponent of the new covenant, Ezekiel as the harbinger of deliverance and Deutero-Isaiah as the proclaimer of universal salvation to be wrought by the suffering Servant. A few words of explanations will be given about prophets Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Haggai, Zechariah I, Malachi, Isaiah III, Obadiah, Joel, Zechariah and Jonah. When prophetic force was in the decline in Israel, Apocalypticism emerged (Book of Daniel) which held sway even in the time of the N.T.

Basic Bibliography

1. Blenkinsopp, J. A History of Prophecy in Israel, London: SPCK, 1984, 2. Brueggemann, W.A. A Hopeful Imagination: Prophetic Voices in Exile, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986, 3. Koch, K. The Prophets I & II, London: SCM Press, 1981, 4. Lindblom, J. Prophecy in Ancient Israel, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962. 5. Miller, J.W. Meet the Prophets, New York: Paulist Press, 1987, 6. Peckham, B. History and Prophecy, New York: Paulist Press, 1987, 7. Peckham, B. History and Prophecy, New York: Doubleday, 1993, 8. Reid, David P. What are they saying about the Prophets?, New York: Paulist Press, 1980, 9. Von Rad, G. The Messages of the Prophets, London: SCM Press, 1968, 9. Wilson, R.R. Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984.

Lecturer: Fr. Arockiaraj OFM Cap

Protest movements have now and then emerged in every society. Though called to establish a counter society, Israel become an unjust society during the monarchical period. Therefore prophets appeared on the scene, raised their voice of protest and tried to reform it. We can see this feature in the lives, and works of Classical Tamil poets, especially of the Siddhars. Following a chronological survey of the pre-classical prophets, especially Elijah and Elisha and their functions, the term prophet and it's synonyms will be studied. Then the prophet's call, qualities, life, ministry, message, literary forms and symbolic actions will be explained.

The second part deals with a comprehensive study of the lives and teachings of the Classical Prophets and exegesis of some important texts: Amos as the prophet of social justice, Hosea as a symbol of God's love, Proto-Isaiah as the herald of the Emmanuel, Jeremiah as the exponent of the new covenant, Ezekiel as the harbinger of deliverance and Deutero-Isaiah as the proclaimer of universal salvation to be wrought by the suffering Servant. A few words of explanations will be given about prophets Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Haggai, Zechariah I, Malachi, Isaiah III, Obadiah, Joel, Zechariah and Jonah. When prophetic force was in the decline in Israel, Apocalypticism emerged (Book of Daniel) which held sway even in the time of the N.T.

Basic Bibliography

1. Blenkinsopp, J. A History of Prophecy in Israel, London: SPCK, 1984, 2. Brueggemann, W.A. A Hopeful Imagination: Prophetic Voices in Exile, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986, 3. Koch, K. The Prophets I & II, London: SCM Press, 1981, 4. Lindblom, J. Prophecy in Ancient Israel, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962. 5. Miller, J.W. Meet the Prophets, New York: Paulist Press, 1987, 6. Peckham, B. History and Prophecy, New York: Paulist Press, 1987, 7. Peckham, B. History and Prophecy, New York: Doubleday, 1993, 8. Reid, David P. What are they saying about the Prophets?, New York: Paulist Press, 1980, 9. Von Rad, G. The Messages of the Prophets, London: SCM Press, 1968, 9. Wilson, R.R. Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984.

Lecturer: Fr. Bosco

1. The Gospel according to St. Matthew

The course begins with a hermeneutical introduction, clarifying the reading of the first Gospel as an intercultural dialogical experience leading to life transformation. The first reading, from a structural point of view, introduces the reader to the Mathean communicative strategy. In the second reading, the meaning of the rejection of the Messiah by Israel and its consequences, especially the emergence of a new and true Israel, are theologically explained. The life-style of the Mathean community is viewed on the basis of the Lord's prayer interpreted in the context of a family. And in the third, the Gospel is read again from the beginning on the basis of the epilogue (28:16-20), which could serve as an impulse for a new sending experience.

2. The Gospel according to St. Mark

After a brief introduction, attention will be drawn to the main thrust of Mark. This will be followed by an exegetical study of the Gospel with a pastoral concern for the Indian situation. And finally, a synthetic view of the whole Gospel will be in focus with special emphasis on important Marcan themes.

Basic Bibliography

Beasley-Murray, G.R. Jesus and the Kingdom of God, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1986. Betz, H.D. The Sermon on the Mount, Hermeneia, Philadelphia, Fortress Press, 1995. Brown, R.E. The Birth of the Messiah, New York: Doubleday, 1977. Brown, R.E. The Death of the Messiah, 2 vols., New York: Doubleday, 1994. Bornkamm, G. Jesus of Nazareth, New York, Harper, 1963. Dodd, C.H. The parables of the Kingdom, London: Collins, 1967. Jeremiah, J. The Parables of Jesus, London: SCM Press, 1972. Perrin, N. Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus, London: SCM Press, 1967. Senior, D. The Passion of Jesus the Gospel of Mark, Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1984. Senior, D. The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew, Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1985.

Lecturer: Fr. Sahayanathan OFM Cap.

Introduction to the Gospel of Luke: author, date, purpose etc. Main themes in Luke: Holy Spirit; Luke as a theologian of salvation history; significance of “today/now,” Luke's handling of crisis moments, Lukan parables and special Lukan material. Exegesis of selected passages and some pastoral implications.

Acts of the Apostles: Date of Composition; The text of Acts: the Alexandrian and the “Western Text Tradition”: Acts as history; sources, reliability; Acts as apology; Literary dimensions of Luke-Acts; Religious themes: The Holy Spirit, the life of the Church, the discernment of God's activity; Election and Universalism; the theme of renunciation. The four journeys of Paul: a comparison of material in Paul and Acts; Exegesis of key texts and some pastoral implications.

Basic Bibliography

Conzelmann, H. The Theology of St. Luke, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982. Fitzmyer, J.A. Luke, The Theologian, aspects of his teaching, New York: Paulist Press, 1989. Green, J.B. The Theology of the Gospel of Luke, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Legrand, L. Unity and Plurality, Mission in the Bible, Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1990. Ludemann, G. Early Christianity according to the Traditions in Acts: A Commentary, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989. Tannehill, R.C. The Narrative Unity of Luke-Acts, A Literary Interpretation, Vol. 1: The Gospel according to Luke, Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986.

Lecturer: Fr. Sahayanathan OFM Cap.

The presentation of Jesus in the fourth Gospel is strikingly different from that of the other three Gospels. This Gospel, the product of the Johannine Community, written in the background of the polemics with Jews and with some sects (Baptist sect, Docetists etc.), has the purpose of leading people to faith and thereby to life (Jn. 20:21). It is intended to deepen the Christian Faith and life and serves as a witness to the Christians of the second generation.

After a detailed exegetical study of the prologue, which, in a way, is the summary of the Gospel itself, several Johannine periscopes are studies with a special emphasis on the theme of replacement, especially in the first part i.e. the book of signs. In the second part, i.e. the Book of Glory, themes like the Palm Sunday, the Maundy Thursday, the farewell discourse, the parable of the vine and branches, the Paraclete, the high priestly prayer etc. and dealt with. Some Characteristic elements of the passion and resurrection narratives are also seen. Its relevance to the Indian contexts is also emphasized. The three letters bearing the name of John are studied with respect to the historical situations in which they were written and their relationship with the Johannine Gospel. The main themes of these letters are also dealt with.

Basic Bibliography

De La Potterie, I. The Hour of Jesus. The Passion and Resurrection of Jesus according to John, New York: Alba House, 1997. Mlakuzhyil, G. The Christocentric Literary Structure of the Fourth Gospel, Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1987. Senior, D. The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John, Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1991.

Lecturer: Fr. Arockiaraj OFM Cap.

The Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke are the outcome of the Development in Christology – The Purpose, Nature and the Theology of the Narration – Two Infancy Narratives' Relation to Each other, and to the Rest of the Gospel – The study of the Hymns: Benedictus, Magnificat,, Nunc Dimittis and Gloria.

Basic Bibliography

Bligh, John. Infancy Narratives, London: St Paul Publications, 1968. Farris, Stephen. Hymns of Lukes Infancy Narratives Vol.9, England: JSOT Press, 1985. Hendrickx, Herman. Infancy narratives, Philippines: East Asian Pastoral Institute, 1975.

Lecturer: Fr. Bosco.

The kingdom of God is manifested through the parables and miracles of Jesus. Parable is one of the important speech-forms of the Ancient Near East, hence the term ‘Parable’ is studied in details. In order to derive the message of Jesus from the parables, they are to be seen as parts of the narrative development of each gospel. Miracles are explained against the background of the apocalyptic world-view and in the context of each Gospel. The significant and uniqueness of the miracles as they were interpreted in the early church and in the gospels themselves in the early church and in the Gospels themselves are studied with reference to today’s Christian Living.

Basic Bibliography

Flood, Edmund. Parables for Now. London: Darton , Longman and Todd, 1981. Jeremias, Joachim. Parables of Jesus. London: SCM Press Ltd. 1954. Rhymer, Joseph. Miracles of Jesus. Bombay: St. Paul Publications, 1991. Schelke, Karl Herman. Theology of the New Testament. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1973. Trench, Richard Chenevix. Miracles of Our Lord. London: Macmillan and Company, 1966. Westermann, Claus. Parables of Jesus : In the Light of the Old Testamant. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990.

Lecturer: Fr. Sahayanathan OFM Cap.

A special study on the Context and purpose of the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew – A Comparative Study of the Sermon on the Mount and the Sermon on the Plain.

Basic Bibliography

Prabhavananda, Swami. Sermon on the Mount According to Vedanta. New York : New American Library, 1963. Hendrickx, Herman. Sermon on the Mount. London : Geoffrey Chapman, 1979. Philips, John. Sermon on the Mount. Minnesota : The Liturgical Press, 1965. Adams, Mary Magdalen. Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of St. Exegsis. Rome : Leturer in Biblical Exegsis, 1982. Bligh, John. Sermon on the Mount. England : St.Paul's Publications, 1975. Jeremias, Joachim, Sermon on the Mount. Bangalore : Theological Publications in India, 1946.

Lecturer: Fr. Sagayanathan OFM Cap.

Since the main burden of the apostolic preaching hinged around the origin nucleus, “He (Jesus) died…and he is risen,” this course deals with the redaction study of the passion and resurrection narratives as presented by the four Evangelists, highlighting the specific contribution of each to a fuller understanding of the Kerygma and personalizing it to find relevance and meaning for the sufferings of our world and of our times.

Basic Bibliography

Childs, B.S. Exodus. (London 1974), Glazman, G.S., The Book of Deuteronomy, (New York 1963), Hayes, C.K. Introduction to the Bible, (London 1965), Luke, K. Genesis 1-3 (Kottayam 1980), Rowley H. The Faith of Israel (London 1974), Snaith, N.H. Leviticus and Numbers, (Trinidad 1967), Soggin, J.A. Introduction to the Old Testament, (London 1980).

Lecturer: Fr. Raja OFM Cap.

Each of the nine ‘genuine’ letters of Paul is situated in the ministry and life of Paul. A detailed study of the two letters to the Thessalonians is done with a special emphasis on the second coming of Christ. The letter to the Galatians is studied as the ‘Magna Carta’ of Christian freedom. In the Corinthian correspondence, the numerous problems of a major Pauline community are sorted out and the pastoral responses of Paul are studied. In the letters from prison (Philippians, Philemon and Colossians) special emphasis is given to the theme of life in Christ. In the letter to the Ephesians, regarded by many as Deutero-Pauline, the theme of the mystery of the Church is highlighted. Finally the Gospel according to Paul’ (letter to the Romans) is dealt with the detail.

Basic Bibliography

Beasley - Murrey, G.P. Baptism in the New Testament. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1962. Byrne, Bredan. Paul and the Christian Woman. USA: St. Paul Publications, 1988. Hendrickx, Herman. Peace Anyone? Philippines: Claretian Publications, 1986. Stanley, Davld Michael. Christ"s Resurrection in Pauline Soteriology. Rome: E. Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 1961.

Lecturer: Fr. Arockiaraj OFM Cap.

Crisis in priestly life and ministry is a common phenomenon in modern times. In this situation, the letter to the Hebrews can be a source of inspiration and guidance. The Jewish Christians towards the end of the First century were at the point of giving up their faith in Christ and returning to Judaism. Therefore an anonymous author wrote this letter, or rather ‘theological treatise’, emphasizing the primacy of Christ, in order to win them back to him. After the introductory questions like authorship, historical background and structure of the letter, the central theme of the priesthood of Christ which is completely different from and higher than that of the O.T., will be studied in detail, with concrete application to the ministerial priesthood in the church.

Basic Bibliography

Jesudasan, Ignatius. Rumour of Biblical Angels. Delhi: Media House, 2008. Lindars, Barnbas. The Theology of the Letter to the Hebrews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Luke, K. TPI Companion to the Bible Vol. I & II (Old & New Testament). Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1988. Mac Rac, George W. Studies in the New Testament and Gnosticism Vol.26. Wilmington: Michael Glazier,Inc. 1987. Vanhoye, Albert. Our Priest is Christ. Rome: PBI, 1977. Vanhoye, Albert. Old Testament Priests and the New Testament Priest. Petersham: St. Bede’s Publication, 1986. Wansbrough, Henry. Theology in St. Paul. Cork: The Mercier Press, 1968.

Lecturer: Fr. Christopher OFM Cap.

After a general introduction to the apocalyptic literature and a brief overview of the book of Daniel, Introductory questions like authorship, date, purpose, symbolism, theology and modes of interpretation of the book are taken up. The letters to the Churches are discussed with special reference to the Church in India today. Since doxologies form an important part of the book, students are initiated into some of them with an application to their own personal life. Lastly some difficult periscopes like the thousand year reign, the dragon and the woman, and the new Jerusalem are studied, together with a general study on justice as well as eco-spirituality of the book of Revelation.

Basic Bibliography

Baukam, R. The Theology of Book of Revelation, Cambridge University Press, 1993, Collins, A.Y. Crisis & Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalyps, Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1984, Fiorenza, E.S. Revelation: Vision of a Just World, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991, Raymer, J. The End of Time: Eschatology of the New Testament, Middlegreen: St. Paul Publications, 1992, Richard, P. Apocalypse: A People's Commentary on the Book of Revelation, Marynoll: Orbis Books, 1995, Russel, D.S. Divine Disclosure: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic, London: SCM Press, 1992, Wielenga, B. Revelation to John, Madurai: TTS Publications, 1989.

Lecturer: Fr. Sagayanathan OFM Cap.